Entwicklung eines gentherapeutischen Ansatzes zur Behandlung der Hämophilie A mittels FVIII-transduzierter hämatopoetischer Stammzellen

In dieser Arbeit wurde das Potential von CD34-positiven hämatopoetischen Stammzellen (HSC) und Endothelprogenitorzellen (EPC) aus peripherem Blut bzw. Nabelschnurblut sowie von aus diesen Vorläuferzellen differenzierten Zellen als Zielzellen für die Gentherapie der Hämophilie A untersucht. Der Gentransfer erfolgte mit einem lentiviralen Vektorsystem der zweiten Generation, das einen bicistronischen Transfervektor mit internem CMV-Promotor, einer FVIII-cDNA mit Deletion der B-Domäne, einem IRES-Element und dem EGFP-Gen als Markergen enthielt. Das Vektorsystem wurde zunächst für die Transduktion humaner hämatopoetischer Zellinien verwendet, die verschiedene Leukozytentypen repräsentierten, um es in bezug auf Gentransfereffizienz und FVIII-Expressionsstärke zu evaluieren. Im Rahmen dieser Versuchsreihe konnte zum ersten Mal gezeigt werden, daß hämatopoetische Zellen grundsätzlich in der Lage sind, FVIII zu sezernieren. Zugleich verwiesen die Befunde auf mögliche Expressionsprobleme, da trotz durchweg erfolgreichen Gentransfers und FVIII-Transkription nur in den Überständen von vier der sechs charakterisierten Zellinien FVIII-Protein meßbar war. In anschließenden Experimenten mit humanen und murinen HSC sowie humanen Granulozyten und Makrophagen konnte nach lentiviralem Gentransfer keine Sezernierung von FVIII-Protein detektiert werden. In expandierten humanen HSC wurden jedoch FVIII-mRNA und intrazelluläres FVIII-Protein detektiert, so daß in diesen Zellen ein Exportdefekt für das FVIII-Protein vorzuliegen schien. Da hämatopoetische Zellen und Endothelzellen mit dem Hämangioblasten eine gemeinsame Vorläuferzelle besitzen, wurde zudem geprüft, ob aus CD34-positiven Stammzellen generierte Endothelprogenitorzellen (EPC) in der Lage sind, therapeutisch relevante FVIII-Mengen zu sezernieren. In Anwesenheit von VEGF, FGF-2, SCF und SCGF-beta wurden adhärente Zellen gewonnen, die aufgrund des Musters der Expression von Oberflächenmarkern und durch ihr Verhalten im Matrigel-Assay einen eindeutig endothelialen Phänotyp besaßen. Diese Zellen wurden (bezogen auf die Zahl der eingesetzten CD34-positiven Zellen) um bis zu neun Größenordnungen expandiert. Nach lentiviraler Transduktion der Zellen, die weder das Proliferationspotential der Zellen noch ihren Phänotyp veränderte, wurde eine hocheffiziente FVIII:C-Sezernierung (7,0-7,8 IU/10 hoch 6 Zellen/48 Std.) gemessen. Im ELISA fielen leicht erhöhte FVIII:Ag-Werte auf, und eine nachfolgende Western Blot- Analyse legte nahe, daß dies auf unvollständige intrazelluläre Spaltung des FVIII-Polypeptids in schwere und leichte Kette zurückführbar sein könnte, die sich wegen der weiteren proteolytischen Aktivierung im Plasma jedoch nicht negativ auf die Gerinnungsaktivität in vivo auswirken sollte. Die Befunde dieser Arbeit identifizieren EPC aus CD34-positiven Nabelschnurblutzellen als potentielle Zielzellen für eine FVIII-Substitution nach ex vivo-Gentransfer, da sie sich nicht nur durch ihr hohes Expansionsvermögen auszeichnen, sondern auch durch die Fähigkeit zur rekombinanten FVIIISezernierung auf sehr hohem Niveau, das nur wenig unter dem FVIII-Sekretionspotential humaner Hepatozyten liegt. Primäre hämatopoetische Zellen sind aufgrund eines Exportdefektes zwar nicht direkt für eine FVIII-Substitution, möglicherweise aber für eine Toleranzinduktion geeignet

Gene-Gene Interaction between APOA5 and USF1: Two Candidate Genes for the Metabolic Syndrome

Objective: The metabolic syndrome, a major cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, shows increasing prevalence worldwide. Several studies have established associations of both apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) gene variants and upstream stimulatory factor 1 (USF1) gene variants with blood lipid levels and metabolic syndrome. USF1 is a transcription factor for APOA5. Methods: We investigated a possible interaction between these two genes on the risk for the metabolic syndrome, using data from the German population-based KORA survey 4 (1,622 men and women aged 55-74 years). Seven APOA5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed in combination with six USF1 SNPs, applying logistic regression in an additive model adjusting for age and sex and the definition for metabolic syndrome from the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP (AIII)) including medication. Results: The overall prevalence for metabolic syndrome was 41%. Two SNP combinations showed a nominal gene-gene interaction (p values 0.024 and 0.047). The effect of one SNP was modified by the other SNP, with a lower risk for the metabolic syndrome with odds ratios (ORs) between 0.33 (95% CI = 0.13-0.83) and 0.40 (95% CI = 0.15-1.12) when the other SNP was homozygous for the minor allele. Nevertheless, none of the associations remained significant after correction for multiple testing. Conclusion: Thus, there is an indication of an interaction between APOA5 and USF1 on the risk for metabolic syndrome

Lipidomic Response to Coffee Consumption

Coffee is widely consumed and contains many bioactive compounds, any of which may impact pathways related to disease development. Our objective was to identify individual lipid changes in response to coffee drinking. We profiled the lipidome of fasting serum samples collected from a previously reported single blinded, three-stage clinical trial. Forty-seven habitual coffee consumers refrained from drinking coffee for 1 month, consumed 4 cups of coffee/day in the second month and 8 cups/day in the third month. Samples collected after each coffee stage were subject to quantitative lipidomic profiling using ion-mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry. A total of 853 lipid species mapping to 14 lipid classes were included for univariate analysis. Three lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) species including LPC (20:4), LPC (22:1) and LPC (22:2), significantly decreased after coffee intake (p 0.05); 58 of these decreased after coffee intake. In conclusion, coffee intake leads to lower levels of specific LPC species with potential impacts on glycerophospholipid metabolism more generally.Peer reviewe

Defining Obesity Cut-Off Points for Migrant South Asians

<p><b>Background:</b> Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) are used to define cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes risk. We aimed to derive appropriate BMI and WC obesity cut-off points in a migrant South Asian population.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> 4688 White Europeans and 1333 South Asians resident in the UK aged 40-75 years inclusive were screened for type 2 diabetes. Principal components analysis was used to derive a glycaemia, lipid, and a blood pressure factor. Regression models for each factor, adjusted for age and stratified by sex, were used to identify BMI and WC cut-off points in South Asians that correspond to those defined for White Europeans.</p> <p><b>Findings:</b> For South Asian males, derived BMI obesity cut-off points equivalent to 30.0 kg/m(2) in White Europeans were 22.6 kg/m(2) (95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) 20.7 kg/m(2) to 24.5 kg/m(2)) for the glycaemia factor, 26.0 kg/m(2) (95% CI 24.7 kg/m(2) to 27.3 kg/m(2)) for the lipid factor, and 28.4 kg/m(2) (95% CI 26.5 kg/m(2) to 30.4 kg/m(2)) for the blood pressure factor. For WC, derived cut-off points for South Asian males equivalent to 102 cm in White Europeans were 83.8 cm (95% CI 79.3 cm to 88.2 cm) for the glycaemia factor, 91.4 cm (95% CI 86.9 cm to 95.8 cm) for the lipid factor, and 99.3 cm (95% CI 93.3 cm to 105.2 cm) for the blood pressure factor. Lower ethnicity cut-off points were seen for females for both BMI and WC.</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Substantially lower obesity cut-off points are needed in South Asians to detect an equivalent level of dysglycemia and dyslipidemia as observed in White Europeans. South Asian ethnicity could be considered as a similar level of risk as obesity (in White Europeans) for the development of type 2 diabetes.</p&gt

Spectral analysis of LMC X-2 with XMM/Newton: unveiling the emission process in the extragalactic Z-source

We present the results of the analysis of an archival observation of LMC X-2 performed with XMM/Newton. The spectra taken by high-precision instruments have never been analyzed before. We find an X-ray position for the source that is inconsistent with the one obtained by ROSAT, but in agreement with the Einstein position and that of the optical counterpart. The correlated spectral and timing behaviour of the source suggests that the source is probably in the normal branch of its X-ray color-color diagram. The spectrum of the source can be fitted with a blackbody with a temperature 1.5 keV plus a disk blackbody at 0.8 keV. Photoelectric absorption from neutral matter has an equivalent hydrogen column of 4 x 10^{20} cm^{-2}. An emission line, which we identify as the O VIII Lyman alpha line, is detected, while no feature due to iron is detected in the spectrum. We argue that the emission of this source can be straightforwardly interpreted as a sum of the emission from a boundary layer between the NS and the disc and a blackbody component coming from the disc itself. Other canonical models that are used to fit Z-sources do not give a satisfactory fit to the data. The detection of the O VIII emission line (and the lack of detection of lines in the iron region) can be due to the fact that the source lies in the Large Magellanic Cloud.Comment: Accepted for publication by Astronomy & Astrophysic

Serum levels of interleukin-22, cardiometabolic risk factors and incident type 2 diabetes: KORA F4/FF4 study

AIMS: Interleukin-22 (IL-22) has beneficial effects on body weight, insulin resistance and inflammation in different mouse models, but its relevance for the development of type 2 diabetes in humans is unknown. We aimed to identify correlates of serum IL-22 levels and to test the hypothesis that higher IL-22 levels are associated with lower diabetes incidence. METHODS: Cross-sectional associations between serum IL-22, cardiometabolic risk factors and glucose tolerance status were investigated in 1107 persons of the population-based KORA F4 study. The prospective association between serum IL-22 and incident type 2 diabetes was assessed in 504 initially non-diabetic study participants in both the KORA F4 study and its 7-year follow-up examination KORA FF4, 76 of whom developed diabetes. RESULTS: Male sex, current smoking, lower HDL cholesterol, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher serum interleukin-1 receptor antagonist were associated with higher IL-22 levels after adjustment for confounders (all P < 0.05). Serum IL-22 showed no associations with glucose tolerance status, prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. Baseline serum IL-22 levels (median, 25th/75th percentiles) for incident type 2 diabetes cases and non-cases were 6.28 (1.95; 12.35) and 6.45 (1.95; 11.80) pg/ml, respectively (age and sex-adjusted P = 0.744). The age and sex-adjusted OR (95% CI) per doubling of IL-22 for incident type 2 diabetes of 1.02 (0.85; 1.23) was almost unchanged after consideration of further confounders. CONCLUSIONS: High serum levels of IL-22 were positively rather than inversely associated with several cardiometabolic risk factors. However, these associations did not translate into an increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Thus, our data argue against the utility of IL-22 as biomarker for prevalent or incident type 2 diabetes in humans, but identify potential determinants of IL-22 levels which merits further research in the context of cardiovascular diseases

Inflammatory Adipokines, High Molecular Weight Adiponectin, and Insulin Resistance: A Population-Based Survey in Prepubertal Schoolchildren

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate sex differences and associations of high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin, leptin and proinflammatory adipokines, individually or in combinations, with adiposity and insulin resistance (IR) measures in prepubertal childhood.MethodologyWe studied 305 prepubertal children (boys/girls: 144/161; Tanner stage 1; age: 5-13 yr), included in a cohort of 44,231 adolescents who participated in an extensive Italian school-based survey. According to Cole's criteria, 105 individuals were lean (L; boys/girls: 59/46), 60 overweight (OW; boys/girls: 32/28) and 140 obese (OB; boys/girls: 70/70). Measurements comprised total and HMW adiponectin, leptin, as well as a panel of proinflammatory adipokines/chemokines associated with diabetes risk.Principal findingsLeptin-, and the leptin-to-HMW adiponectin ratio (L/HMW)-, increased progressively (pConclusionsIn prepubertal children, leptin emerges as a sex-independent discrimination marker of adiposity degree and as a useful, sex-associated predictor of the systemic insulin resistance